Diabetes is a common chronic metabolic disorder. It occurs when there is an imbalance between insulin supply and demand in the body, resulting in improper glucose uptake by cells. This leads to elevated blood sugar levels, posing serious risks to the nerves, microvessels, and large blood vessels, significantly impacting overall health. Let's delve deeper into the various types of diabetes and the genetic risks involved.

Types of Diabetes and Genetic Risks

Diabetes can be classified into different types, each with varying genetic risks.

Type 1 Diabetes

Characteristics: Primarily occurs in young individuals, with a rapid onset. 

Genetic risk: If the father has type 1 diabetes, the likelihood of developing the disease is approximately 6%; if the mother has it, the likelihood is around 2%; and if siblings are affected, the likelihood is approximately 5%.

Type 2 Diabetes

Characteristics: More common in middle-aged individuals, with a slow onset. Initial stages often lack symptoms, and individuals may have a tendency towards obesity. 

Genetic risk: If one parent has type 2 diabetes, the likelihood of their children developing the disease is approximately 40%; if both parents have it, the likelihood increases to around 70%.

Gestational Diabetes

Characteristics: According to 2016 data, approximately 1 in every 5 pregnant women in Hong Kong develops gestational diabetes, which is associated with factors such as obesity and advanced maternal age. This condition poses risks to both the mother and the fetus, including gestational hypertension, macrosomia (large birth weight), and preterm birth.

Genetic risk: Children of mothers with gestational diabetes have a significantly higher risk of developing diabetes compared to their peers, with a 3X increase. It is recommended that pregnant women undergo an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during pregnancy to assess their health status accurately.

Coping Strategies for Family Members with Diabetes

When there is a person with diabetes in the family, it is crucial to have a proper understanding of the condition. Here are 3 golden rules for coping:

1. Enhance understanding: Educate yourself about diabetes to avoid misconceptions and be aware of what the patient needs to focus on. 

2. Daily actions: Remind the patient to take medications and monitor blood sugar levels regularly. As a family, establish healthy lifestyle habits together, such as adopting a nutritious diet and engaging in physical activities. 

3. Regular check-ups: Early symptoms of diabetes may go unnoticed, making it essential for family members with a family history of diabetes to undergo regular blood tests to stay vigilant.

These 3 strategies play a proactive role in early prevention and management, contributing to the overall health protection of family members.

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